Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the
statement or answers the question.
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1.
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The youngest part of the ocean floor is found ____.
a. | along deep sea trenches | b. | where ocean sediments are
thickest | c. | near ocean ridges | d. | where Earth’s magnetic field changes
polarity |
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2.
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At an oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary, ____.
a. | new crust is created | c. | old crust is deformed or fractured | b. | old crust is
recycled by subduction | d. | plates side past one another |
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3.
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The magnetic pattern of ocean-floor rocks on one side of an ocean ridge is
____.
a. | a mirror image of that of the other side | b. | younger than on the
other side | c. | much different from the magnetic pattern found in rocks on land | d. | at right angles to
the ocean ridge |
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4.
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Subduction results in the formation of ____.
a. | a deep-sea trench | c. | a rift valley | b. | a magnetic reversal | d. | new continental
crust |
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5.
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The type of tectonic plate boundary involving a collision between the two
tectonic plates is?
a. | Divergent | c. | Convergent | b. | Transform | d. | Normal |
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6.
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What layer of the Earth is made up of tectonic plates?
a. | Core | c. | Lithosphere | b. | Asthenosphere | d. | Mesosphere |
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7.
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How do Geologists observe Earth’s interior?
a. | Studying constructive forces | c. | Directly looking under the many
layers | b. | Studying destructive forces | d. | Recording and studying seismic waves |
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8.
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All of the following affect the temperature at which magma forms EXCEPT
____.
a. | pressure | c. | water | b. | composition of source
material | d. | viscosity |
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9.
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Most volcanoes occur ____.
a. | along convergent boundaries | c. | along divergent
boundaries | b. | far from tectonic plate boundaries | d. | randomly |
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10.
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Molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface is called
a. | granite | c. | lava | b. | lithosphere | d. | magma |
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11.
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What is the name for a basaltic lava flow that has a ropy, folded
surface?
a. | tuff | c. | pahoehoe | b. | aa | d. | breccia |
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12.
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Which of the following statements about lava is true?
a. | The viscosity of a lava increases as the silica content decreases. | c. | HIgh temperature
lavas are less viscous than low temperature lavas. | b. | The more gas a lava contains, the less violent
the eruption. | d. | All of the
above |
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13.
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A volcano that consists of both lava flows and pyroclastic deposits is called a
_______.
a. | shield volcano. | c. | cinder volcano | b. | stratovolcano (composite) | d. | volcanic dome. |
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14.
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Which of the following volcanoes is a Stratovolcano (composite)?
a. | Mauna Loa | c. | Iceland | b. | Yellowstone | d. | Mt. St. Helens |
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15.
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What type of volcanic gases form aerosols in the upper atmosphere that can cause
global cooling?
a. | nitrogen | c. | water vapor | b. | sulfur dioxide | d. | carbon dioxide |
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16.
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In which of the following tectonic settings do most of the Earth’s active
volcanoes occur?
a. | intraplate settings | c. | convergent plate boundaries | b. | divergent plate
boundaries | d. | transform plate
boundaries |
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17.
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The Cascade volcanoes are associated with a _________.
a. | divergent plate margin | c. | hot spot | b. | transform plate margin | d. | convergent plate
margin |
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18.
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Magma originates in which layer of Earth?
a. | mantle | c. | crust | b. | inner core | d. | core |
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19.
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The difference between basaltic and granitic magma is
a. | the amount of water vapor. | c. | the color. | b. | the amount of
silica. | d. | the way it
cools |
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20.
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A pyroclastic flow is
a. | a type of lava flow | c. | mudflows | b. | an opening in the side of
volcano | d. | hot volcanic ash
and debris that rushes down the side of a volcano |
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21.
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The Hawaiian Islands are formed because of
a. | subduction. | c. | hot spots. | b. | converging plates. | d. | diverging
plates. |
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22.
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Intrusive igneous rocks are those which
a. | cool on Earth’s surface. | c. | are composed of sediments found in
flood basalts. | b. | changed over time from one type of rock to another. | d. | cool beneath Earth’s
surface. |
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23.
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What causes magma to rise to the surface?
a. | A force pulls the magma upward. | c. | Tthe rock forces the magma
upward. | b. | Magma is less dense than rock. | d. | Magma is more dense than the
rock. |
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24.
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High levels of silica causes magma to become
a. | less viscous | c. | less dense | b. | more viscous | d. | thinner |
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25.
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What two factors control the explosiveness of an eruption?
a. | the pressure within Earth and plate movement | c. | the amount of gases and pressure
with Earth’s crust | b. | the amount of water vapor and silica in the
magma | d. | the time of year and
current weather conditions |
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26.
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Volcanic eruptions can affect climate because
a. | they heat the atmosphere. | c. | the ash causes
rainfall | b. | volcanic duist and gas in the upper atmosphere reflects and absorbs solar
radiation. | d. | volcanoes have
no effect on Earth’s climate |
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27.
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Magma with a high silica content tends to be
a. | very hot | c. | very viscous | b. | very smelly | d. | very fluid |
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28.
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The most common type of volcano in the “Ring of Fire” is
a. | a composite volcano | c. | a cinder cone | b. | a shield volcano | d. | a volcanic
fissure |
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29.
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During 1986 Lake Nyos eruption the most dangerous areas to be in were
____________ because the gas was _____________.
a. | on top of hills, less dense than air | c. | valleys,
flammable | b. | on top of hills, flammable | d. | valleys, more dense than air |
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30.
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If you were in an airplane flying over a subduction zone what would you expect
to observe on the continent adjacent to the zone?
a. | A long, narrow sea within a rift zone | b. | A series of broad, shield-shaped volcanoes
subparallel to the subduction zone. | c. | A chain of steep-sided volcanoes subparallel to
the subduction zone. | d. | single, large cinder
cone. |
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31.
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What causes a pyroclastic flow to move at high velocities?
a. | Gravitational collapse of an eruption cloud. | b. | Energy from the
eruption. | c. | Internal turbulence that keeps particles in the air. | d. | Release of gas from
magma particles and heating of surrounding air creating a “popcorn”
effect. | e. | all of the above |
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32.
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The San Andreas Fault, a result of horizontal shear, is a ____ fault.
a. | blind | c. | strike-slip | b. | normal | d. | reverse |
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33.
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The locations of seismic belts are determined by plotting ____.
a. | earthquake epicenters | c. | earthquake foci | b. | seismic gaps | d. | epicentral
distances |
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34.
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A numerical scale of earthquake magnitude that takes into account the size of
the fault rupture is the ____.
a. | Richter scale | c. | moment magnitude scale | b. | modified Mercalli
scale | d. | epicentral distance
scale |
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35.
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An earthquake’s source of energy is located at the _____________, but the
location at the land surface above that point is called the ____________.
a. | hypocenter, fault | c. | focus, epicenter | b. | epicenter, focus | d. | fault,
hypocenter |
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36.
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Which of the following best describes “elastic rebound” theory of
earthquakes?
a. | Just before an earthquake occurs, the elastic rocks along the fault spring forward,
then backward. | b. | As an earthquake occurs, the elastically
deformed rocks along the fault spring back to their original shape as much as
possible. | c. | As an earthquake occurs, the plastically deformed rocks along the fault gently glide
back to their original shape as much as possible. | d. | Just after the earthquake occurs, the elastic
rocks along the fault spring forward, then backward. |
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37.
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Which of the following is the difference between P and S waves?
a. | P waves are the faster waves that arrive at seismographs first, before S
waves | b. | P waves are the primary waves that push and pull as they travel from the earthquake
focus | c. | P waves are the slower waves that arrive at seismographs second, after S
waves | d. | both a. and b. |
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38.
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Why is it necessary to have data from at least 3 seismic stations in order to
locate the epicenter of an earthquake? Choose all that apply.
a. | Comparing data from four seismograms gives three possible locations, whereas three
seismograms used together gives only two possible locations. | b. | Seismogram
information can give only direction data, not distance data, so “quadrilateration”
between three or more stations is necessary. | c. | Seismogram information can give only distance
data, not direction data, so “triangulation” between three or more stations is
necessary. | d. | Comparing data from two seimograms gives two possible locations, whereas three
seismograms used together gives a single possible location. |
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39.
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Which of the following best characterizes a tsunami?
a. | Tsunamis are easily seen at sea but are lost in the swell and breaking waves along
the coast. | b. | Tsunamis cause the land to ripple and oscillate. | c. | Tsunamis are faster
than seismic surface waves. | d. | Tsunamis have relatively small amplitudes
compared to their very long wavelengths. |
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40.
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Earthquakes occur most frequently associated with ___________.
a. | areas of current continental margins | c. | areas of current tectonic plate
margins | b. | areas of current tectonic plate interiors | d. | none of these |
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41.
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Why do deep-focus earthquakes stop by about 700 km depth?
a. | It seems that the subducted slab has heated sufficiently by that depth so that it
loses its rigidity. | b. | It seems that the subducted slab has cooled
sufficiently by that depth so that it loses its rigidity. | c. | Subducted slabs
become more rigid below 700 km down. | d. | Subducted slabs remain rigid to about 1500 km
down. |
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42.
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The "springing back" of rock to its near-original shape after an
earthquake is called __________.
a. | fault creep | c. | elastic rebound | b. | stick-slip | d. | fault scarp |
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43.
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Following a major earthquake, a series of smaller earthquakes, called
__________, often occurs.
a. | elastic rebounds | d. | foreshocks | b. | seismograms | e. | tremors | c. | aftershocks |
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44.
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Which type of earthquake wave is a compressional wave?
a. | surface waves | c. | long waves | b. | S-waves | d. | P-waves |
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45.
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The damage caused to a building by an earthquake depends on the
__________.
a. | duration of the vibrations | d. | all of the
above | b. | material on which the building rests | e. | none of the above | c. | intensity of the
waves |
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46.
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The slow, continual movement along many faults is referred to as
__________.
a. | strain | d. | paleoseismology | b. | liquefaction | e. | none of the above | c. | slickensides |
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